Iron from haemoglobin and haemin modulates nucleotide hydrolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis

Extracellular ATP may act as a danger signalling molecule, inducing inflammation and immune responses in infection sites. The ectonucleotidases NTPDase and ecto-5’-nucleotidase are enzymes that modulate extracellular nucleotide levels; these enzymes have been previously characterised in Trichomonas vaginalis. Iron plays an important role in the complex trichomonal pathogenesis. Herein, the effects of iron on growth, nucleotide hydrolysis and NTPDase gene expression in T. vaginalis isolates from female and male patients were evaluated. Iron from different sources sustained T. vaginalis growth. Importantly, iron from haemoglobin (HB) and haemin (HM) enhanced NTPDase activity in isolates from female patients and conversely reduced the enzyme activity in isolates from male patients. Iron treatments could not alter the NTPDase transcript levels in T. vaginalis. Furthermore, our results reveal a distinct ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis profile between isolates from female and male patients influenced by iron from HB and HM. Our data indicate the participation of NTPDase and ecto-5’-nucleotidase in the establishment of trichomonas infection through ATP degradation and adenosine production influenced by iron.

Mecanismos específicos de patogenicidadede protozoários de mucosa: Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia e Trichomonas vaginali / Specific pathogenic mechanisms of mucosal protozoans: Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis

Entamoeba histolytica e Giardia lamblia são protozoários que podem parasitar a mucosa intestinal, causando principalmente diarreia. Trichomonas vaginalis coloniza a mucosa vaginal causando tricomonose, a doença sexualmente transmissível não viral mais comum no mundo. Embora coletivamente estes parasitos infectem mais de um bilhão de pessoas a cada ano, seus mecanismos de patogenicidade ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Assim, esta revisão reúne os principais mecanismos envolvidos na patogenicidade destes protozoários, bem como os fatores do microambiente que podem interferir no sucesso da colonização. A patogênese da E. histolytica envolve adesão, lise, fagocitose de células epiteliais e bactérias, invasão tecidual por ação de enzimas e evasão da resposta imune do hospedeiro. A lectina Gal/GalNAc, os amebaporos e as cisteína proteases são as principais moléculas envolvidas nesses processos. O estabelecimento da giardiose depende de diversos mecanismos patogênicos e de virulência desenvolvidos pela G. lamblia, tais como as moléculas envolvidas na adesão, encistamento e variação antigênica. Para o sucesso da colonização da mucosa vaginal, o T. vaginalis expressa moléculas como as adesinas de superfície, lipofosfoglicanos e galectina, envolvidas na adesão às células epiteliais vaginais e alteração da expressão gênica, tanto do parasito como do hospedeiro.

Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are protozoans that may parasitize the intestinal mucosa, mainly causing diarrhea. Trichomonas vaginalis colonizes the vaginal mucosa causing trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the world. Although collectively these parasites infect over a billion people each year, their pathogenic mechanisms have not been completely understood so far. Hence, this review of the literature demonstrates the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of these protozoans, as well as the microenvironmental factors that can interfere with successful colonization. The pathogenesis of E. histolytica involves adhesion, lysis, phagocytosis of epithelial cells and bacteria, tissue invasion by enzymatic action, and evasion of host immune response. Lectin Gal/GalNac, amoebapores, and cysteine proteases are the main molecules involved in these processes. The establishment of giardiosis depends on several pathogenic mechanisms and virulence developed by G. lamblia, such as molecules involved in adhesion, encystation and antigenic variation. For successful colonization of vaginal mucosa, T. vaginalis express molecules like adhesins on the surface and galectin and lipophosphoglycan, involved in the adherence to vaginal epithelial cells and altered gene expression of both the parasite and the host.